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Financial crisis: Banks seek govt bailout

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By Omoh Gabriel, Business Editor
Despite carrying on as if there are no problems whatsoever, indications emerged yesterday that some Nigerian banks have approached government for a bailout package as the effects of the roiling financial crisis bites harder, just as fresh facts available to Vanguard last night revealed that banks and discount houses borrowed N9.4 trillion from the Central Bank of Nigeria.
Sources close to the Federal Ministry of Finance said that some banks have already signaled interest for government intervention in their operational activities, a pointer to the severity of the liquidity situation the banks are confronted with.
A report done by auditing firm, PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PWC) to the Ministry of Finance indicated that some Nigerian banks might not be as healthy as portrayed by the CBN and the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC). PWC said in a statement on the Global Financial Crisis and Implications for Nigeria that some of the banks have already signaled interest for government intervention in their operational activities.
Part of the statement read:
“As at the beginning of February 2009, none of the banks have publicly shown any signs of needing intervention. However, in spite of positive financial statements, some of them have called for the intervention of, or part take over by the government. Various industry commentators have reported that banks are struggling with non-performing facilities in excess of N300 billion to N400 billion,” it said.
The PWC discussion paper, obtained from the Ministry of Finance, said that there had been concerns that the CBN’s assurances that Nigeria’s 23 banks were liquid and operating well might not be entirely accurate.
Vanguard investigations however revealed that some Nigerian banks ran into stormy waters soon after consolidation when in the spirit of competition they jerked up the emoluments of their staff out of tune with industry. The pay rise, it was gathered, was not matched with increased productivity. It was also learnt that the affected banks soon after started setting high targets for their staff, and used inability to met the targets as basis to cut salaries and allowances. As of today almost all of the banks affected have reduced their staff salaries.
Further investigations also revealed that with consolidation, the single obligor limit (the lending ceiling to a particular customer) of banks was raised and some of the banks increased their lending to individuals and corporate bodies on collaterals that were weak. As a result some of the loans are not performing.
According to bank treasurers, most banks during consolidation and the capital market boom that followed gave out loans to their stock brokerage arms and staff to buy shares, using share certificates as collateral. With the market meltdown the certificates are not worth the amount of loans and many of the banks are in liquidity pains.
According to the audit report on banks in the country, the global decline of oil prices have adversely affected many of them as the loans given to oil marketers have gone bad. Some of the banks have changed their oil and gas group heads as a result of this. Further, the audit report indicated that banks also suffered a setback by the sudden devaluation of the naira. All of these have put a hole in the balance sheet of most banks in the country.
“Western governments have taken stakes in banks in order to prevent their collapse. Whilst this has not yet happened in Nigeria, there is speculation that large underlying bad debts accumulated by banks could force government to intervene,” the PWC audit report said.
According to PWC, the Nigerian banks have all but stopped granting loans and credit terms have been cut to mere months and their interest rates are among the highest in the world. In order to avoid government intervention in the event that bank balance sheets weakened, a second round of bank consolidation may still occur, the PWC report added. The audit firm said that Nigeria’s reliance on oil and its falling price in the world market have exposed it to the vagaries of the global financial crisis.
“Oil prices recently fell to their lowest point in four years, having peaked at 147 dollars.”
Apart from dependence on oil, the PWC listed other areas of vulnerability to include reduction in global capital outflows, retrenchment of foreign investors toward familiarity and safety and Nigerians’ reliance on foreign investments. On the capital market, the PWC said that the decreased investment levels caused a 46 per cent fall in the Nigerian All Share Index in 2008, partly driven by foreign divestment and exacerbated by a devaluing Naira.
“A confidence crisis in the Nigerian economy coupled with prohibitive business environment had caused international corporations with Nigerian operations to relocate to more sustainable and friendlier markets,” the PWC said. The devaluation of the Naira over the last quarter, according to PWC, would further limit capital flows into the Nigerian economy.
The PWC said that there was a need for deeper co-operation between the Ministry of Finance and the 21 public institutions that work on the economy. These institutions, it said, include the CBN, the NDIC, SEC and the DMO, adding that they should work in harmony in handling the effects of the crisis.
“Co-operation between key stakeholders is important. However, existing links are highly bureaucratic, informal or inefficient resulting in poor management of the economy and slow response to the crisis,” the PWC said. The health of the commercial banks has been under the spotlight since last year, but the CBN and the NDIC have repeatedly given them clean bills of health.

Banks, discount houses borrow N9.4 trillion from CBN
Reflecting the severity of the liquidity crisis that griped the banking industry in the heat of the global financial crisis, banks and discount houses in the country borrowed N9.4 trillion from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in the fourth quarter of 2008. This represented more than half of the total assets and liabilities of the industry which stood at N15.88 trillion at the end of the year.
Disclosing this in its economic report for the fourth quarter of 2008, the CBN stated, “The total CBN’s lending facility accessed by deposit money banks and discount houses was N9,366.30
billion. Analysis of the lending transactions indicated that the sums of N4,683.66 billion, N2,658.34 billion and N2,024.30 billion were accessed by market players in the months of October, November and December 2008, respectively. This showed an increase of N3,492.27 billion, compared with N5,874.03 billion in the third quarter, 2008. The lending facility remained open daily and DMBs constantly accessed the facility in-order to even their
positions.”
“Available data indicated that total assets/liabilities of the DMBs amounted to N15,882.9 billion, representing an increase of 6.5 per cent over the level in the preceding quarter. The development was attributed largely to the significant increase in foreign assets, reinforced by the 7.9 per cent rise in unclassified assets. Funds, which were sourced mainly from demand deposits and unclassified liabilities were used mainly for the acquisition of foreign assets and unclassified assets. At N9,230.1 billion, credit to the domestic economy rose by 0.5 per cent over the level in the preceding quarter. The increase in credit during the quarter was attributed largely to the 6.9 per cent rise in claims on the private sector. Reflecting a significant increase in CBN’s overdraft to the DMBs, Central Bank’s credit to the DMBs rose by 1.0 per cent to N132.2 billion in the review quarter. Total specified liquid assets of the DMBs stood at N3,271.3 billion, representing 37.3 per cent of their total current liabilities. At that level, the liquidity ratio rose by 1.3 percentage points over the preceding quarter’s level, but was 2.7 percentage points below the stipulated minimum ratio of 40.0 per cent. The loans-to-deposit ratio rose by 4.1 percentage points to 86.8 per cent over the level in the preceding quarter, and was 6.8 percentage points above the prescribed minimum target of 80.0 per cent.”

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Afreximbank successfully closed its second Samurai Bond transactions, raising JPY 81.8bn or $527m

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African Export-Import Bank said it has successfully closed its second Samurai bond transaction, securing a total of JPY 81.8 billion (approx. USD 527 million) through Regular and Retail Samurai Bonds offerings.

The execution surpasses the Bank’s 2024 debut issuance size, attracting orders from more than 100 institutional and retail investors, marking a renewed demonstration of strong Japanese investor confidence in the Bank’s credit and its growing presence in the yen capital markets.

On 18 November, Afreximbank priced a JPY 45.8 billion 3-year tranche in the Regular Samurai market following a comprehensive sequence of investor engagement activities leveraging Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD9), including Non-Deal Roadshows (NDRs) in Tokyo, Kanazawa, Kyoto, Shiga and Osaka, a Global Investor Call, and a two-day soft-sounding process which tested investor appetite across 2.5-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year maturities.

With market expectations of a Bank of Japan interest rate increase, investor demand concentrated in shorter tenors, resulting in a focused 3-year tranche during official marketing.

The tranche attracted strong participation from asset managers (22.3%), life insurers (15.3%), regional corporates, and high-net-worth investors (39.7%).

Concurrently, Afreximbank priced its second Retail Samurai bond on 18 November, a JPY 36.0 billion 3-year tranche, more than double the inaugural JPY 14.1 billion Retail Samurai issuance completed in November 2024.

The 2025 Retail Samurai bond also marks the first Retail Samurai bond issued in Japan in 2025.

Following the amendment to Afreximbank’s shelf registration on 7 November 2025, SMBC Nikko conducted an extensive seven-business-day demand survey through its nationwide branch network, followed by a six-business-day bond offering period.

The offering benefited from strong visibility supported by Afreximbank’s investor engagement across the country, including the Bank’s participation at TICAD9, where Afreximbank hosted the Africa Finance Seminar to introduce Multinational Development Bank’s mandate in Africa and its credit profile to key Japanese institutional investors.

MBC Nikko Securities Inc. acted as Sole Lead Manager and Bookrunner for both the Regular and Retail Samurai transactions. Chandi Mwenebungu, Afreximbank’s Managing Director, Treasury & Markets and Group Treasurer, commented:

“We are pleased with the successful completion of our second Samurai bond transactions, which marked a significant increase from our inaugural Retail Samurai bond in 2024, and which reflect the growing depth of our relationship with Japanese investors.

The strong demand, both in the Regular and Retail offerings, demonstrates sustained confidence in Afreximbank’s credit and mandate.

We remain committed to deepening our engagement in the Samurai market through regular investor activities and continued collaboration with our Japanese partners.”

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Ecobank unveils SME bazaar: a festive marketplace for local entrepreneurs

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Ecobank Nigeria, a member of Africa’s leading pan-African banking group, has announced the launch of the Ecobank SME Bazaar—a two-weekend festive marketplace designed to celebrate local creativity, empower entrepreneurs, and give Lagos residents a premium shopping experience this Detty December. The Bazaar will hold on 29–30 November and 6–7 December at the Ecobank Pan African Centre (EPAC), Ozumba Mbadiwe Road, Victoria Island, Lagos. Speaking ahead of the event, Omoboye Odu, Head of SMEs, Ecobank Nigeria, reaffirmed the bank’s commitment to supporting small and medium-sized businesses, describing them as the heartbeat of Nigeria’s economy. She explained that the Ecobank SME Bazaar was created to enhance visibility for entrepreneurs, expand market access, and support sustainable business growth.
According to her, “This isn’t just a market—it’s a vibrant hub of culture, commerce, and connection. From fresh farm produce to trendy fashion, handcrafted pieces, lifestyle products, and delicious food and drinks, the Ecobank SME Bazaar promises an unforgettable experience for both shoppers and participating SMEs. Whether you’re shopping for festive gifts, hunting for unique finds, or soaking in the Detty December energy, this is the place to be.” Ms. Odu added that participating businesses will enjoy increased brand exposure, deeper customer engagement, and meaningful networking opportunities—making the Bazaar a strong platform for both festive-season sales and long-term business growth. The event is powered by Ecobank in partnership with TKD Farms, Eko Marche, Leyyow, and other SME-focused organisations committed to building sustainable enterprises.

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16 banks have recapitalised before deadline—CBN

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The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has said that16 banks have so far met the new capital requirements for their various licences, some four months before the March 31, 2026 deadline. The apex bank also indicated that 27 other banks have raised capital through various methods in one of the most extensive financial sector reforms since 2004. Addressing journalists at the end of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting in Abuja, CBN Governor Mr Olayemi Cardoso said the banking recapitalisation was going on orderly, consistent with the regulator’s expectations. He said, “We are monitoring developments, and indications show the process is moving in the right direction.” Nigeria has 44 deposit-taking banks, including seven commercial banks with international authorisation, 15 with national authorisation, four with regional authorisation, four non-interest banks, six merchant banks, seven financial holding companies and one representative office.
Cardoso explained that eight commercial banks had met the N500 billion capital requirement as of July 22, 2024, rising to 14 by September of the same year. The number has now increased to 16 as the industry continues to race toward full compliance. He said that the reforms would reinforce the resilience of Nigerian banks both within the country and across the continent. “We are building a financial system that will be fit for purpose for the years ahead. Many Nigerian banks now operate across Africa and have been innovative across different markets. These new buffers will better equip them to manage risks in the multiple jurisdictions where they operate,” Cardoso said. According to him, the reforms would strengthen the financial sector’s capability to support households and businesses. He said, “Ultimately, this benefits Nigerians—our traders, our businesses and our citizens—who operate across those regions. “It should give everyone comfort to know that Nigerian banks with deep local understanding are present to support them. Commercial banks are also creating their own buffers through the ongoing recapitalisation.”
He added that the apex bank considered several factors in determining the new capital thresholds, including prevailing macroeconomic conditions, stress test results and the need for stronger risk buffers. He reassured on the regulator’s commitment to strict oversight as the consolidation progresses. “We will rigorously enforce our ‘fit and proper’ criteria for prospective new shareholders, senior management, and board members of banks, and proactively monitor the integrity of financial statements, adequacy of financial resources, and fair valuation of banks’ post-merger balance sheets,” Cardoso said. He said the CBN remained confident that the banking system would emerge stronger at the conclusion of the recapitalization exercise, with institutions better prepared to support Nigeria’s economic transformation Banks have up till March 31, 2026 to beef up their minimum capital base to the new standard set by the apex bank. Under the new minimum capital base, CBN uses a distinctive definition of the new minimum capital base for each category of banks as the addition of share capital and share premium, as against the previous use of shareholders’ funds.
While most banks have shareholders’ funds in excess of the new minimum capital base, their share premium and share capital significantly fall short of the new minimum definition. The CBN had in March 2024 released its circular on review of minimum capital requirement for commercial, merchant and non-interest banks. The apex bank increased the new minimum capital for commercial banks with international affiliations, otherwise known as mega banks, to N500 billion; commercial banks with national authorisation, N200 billion and commercial banks with regional license, N50 billion. Others included merchant banks, N50 billion; non-interest banks with national license, N20 billion and non-interest banks with regional license will now have N10 billion minimum capital. The 24-month timeline for compliance ends on March 31, 2026. Under the guidelines for the recapitalisation exercise, banks are expected to subject their new equity funds to capital verification before the clearance of the allotment proposal and release of the funds to the bank for onwards completion of the offer process and addition of the new capital to its capital base. The CBN is the final signatory in a tripartite capital verification committee that included the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC). The committee is saddled with scrutinising new funds being raised by banks under the ongoing banking sector recapitalisation exercise.

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