Economy
Insecurity, poor power top Nigerian business constraints in October—CBN survey
Insecurity and erratic power supply have again emerged as the most critical obstacles facing Nigerian businesses, according to the Business Expectations Survey (BES) for October 2025 released by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The apex bank said firms across key sectors ranked insecurity highest at 71.8 points, followed closely by insufficient power supply (70.9), high or multiple taxes (70.2), high interest rates (68.4), and financial problems (65.6).
“Respondents identified Insecurity (71.8), Insufficient Power Supply (70.9), High/Multiple Taxes (70.2), High Interest Rate (68.4), and Financial Problems (65.6) as the top five (5) business constraints in October 2025, highlighting factors that directly impact operational stability and profitability,” the report read. High bank charges (64.7), an unfavourable economic climate (63.0), and unclear economic laws (62.3) were also among the key concerns identified by respondents, while poor infrastructure (58.7) and an unfavourable political climate (57.5) ranked lowest. The apex bank noted that “business constraints were more focused on financial factors than political challenges,” suggesting that cost-related pressures, not political instability, remained the dominant source of risk for firms.
Despite these challenges, the BES revealed a stronger sense of optimism among firms regarding the general state of the economy. The Overall Business Confidence Index (BCI) rose to 38.5 points in October 2025, from 31.5 points in September, indicating improving optimism among respondents about macroeconomic conditions. Confidence is expected to rise further to 45.6 points in November, 52.3 points in the next three months, and 52.5 points in the next six months, showing sustained improvement in sentiment as firms anticipate increased demand, higher sales, and a rebound in consumer activity.
Across major sectors, industry recorded the highest optimism (40.0 points), followed by agriculture (38.1) and services (37.6). This confidence, according to the CBN, is projected to remain strong through the first half of 2026, with industrial and agricultural firms sustaining their positive outlooks. Regionally, the North-East led the optimism chart with 56.1 points, while the North-West and North-Central followed closely at 54.5 and 55.0 points, respectively. The South-South recorded the lowest confidence at 23.3 points, attributed to reduced output and lower business volumes in oil-producing areas during the review period.
All sectors expressed optimism about their own operations, with the Mining and Quarrying sector leading at 50.0 points, followed by Non-Market Services (31.7), Agriculture (27.1), Construction (26.3), Market Services (24.4), and Manufacturing (16.6). Firms also showed positive outlooks for business activity and total orders, posting 24.7 and 21.9 points, respectively. On employment and expansion, the CBN reported that businesses anticipate hiring more workers and expanding operations in November 2025. The Mining and Quarrying sector had the highest expansion outlook at 80.0 points, while Construction ranked highest in employment prospects (36.8 points). This was followed by Agriculture (24.7), Non-Market Services (26.6), and Manufacturing (18.0).
The BES also recorded a modest rise in average capacity utilisation to 62.0 per cent in October 2025, up from 60.4 per cent in September. This improvement, the CBN said, “suggested a slight increase in resource use across the surveyed firms,” reflecting gradual recovery in industrial output and production activity. Businesses expressed moderate optimism about the stability of the naira, expecting gradual appreciation over the next six months. The exchange rate expectation index stood at 29.0 points for October, 32.8 points for November, 36.6 points in the next three months, and 39.0 points over six months.
Similarly, firms anticipated a stable borrowing environment, with the borrowing rate expectation index at 10.3, 10.1, 12.9, and 10.5 points over the same periods. The survey further noted that the volume of business activity is expected to rise gradually, with confidence indices projected at 41.4 points for November, 48.3 points in the next three months, and 50.2 points over six months, suggesting potential recovery in real economic activity.
Economy
Nigeria champions African-Arab trade to boost agribusiness, industrial growth
The Arab Africa Trade Bridges (AATB) Program and the Federal Republic of Nigeria formalized a partnership with the signing of the AATB Membership Agreement, officially welcoming Nigeria as the Program’s newest member country. The signing ceremony took place in Abuja on the sidelines of the 5th AATB Board of Governors Meeting, hosted by the Federal Government of Nigeria.
The Membership Agreement was signed by Eng. Adeeb Y. Al Aama, the CEO of the International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC) and AATB Program Secretary General, and H.E. Mr. Wale Edun, Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy, Federal Republic of Nigeria. The Agreement will provide a strategic and operational framework to support Nigeria’s efforts in trade competitiveness, promote export diversification, strengthen priority value chains, and advance capacity-building efforts in line with national development priorities. Areas of collaboration will include trade promotion, agribusiness modernization, SME development, businessmen missions, trade facilitation, logistics efficiency, and digital trade readiness.
The Honourable Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy, Mr. Wale Edun, called for deeper trade collaboration between African and Arab nations, stressing the importance of value-added Agribusiness and industrial partnerships for regional growth. Speaking in Abuja at the Agribusiness Matchmaking Forum ahead of the AATB Board of Governors Meeting, the Minister said the shifting global economy makes it essential for African and Arab nations to rely more on regional cooperation, investment and shared markets.
He highlighted projections showing Arab-Africa trade could grow by more than US$37 billion in the next three years and urged partners to prioritize value addition rather than raw commodity exports. He noted that Nigeria’s growing industrial base and upcoming National Single Window reforms will support efficiency, investment and private-sector expansion.
“This is a moment to turn opportunity into action”, he said. “By working together, we can build stronger value chains, create jobs and support prosperity across our regions”, Edun emphasized. “As African and Arab nations embark on this journey of deeper trade collaboration, the potential for growth and development is vast. With a shared vision and commitment to value-added partnerships, we can unlock new opportunities, drive economic growth, and create a brighter future for our people.”
Speaking during the event, Eng. Adeeb Y. Al Aama, Chief Executive Officer of ITFC and Secretary General of the AATB Program, stated: “We are pleased to welcome Nigeria to be part of the AATB Program. Nigeria stands as one of Africa’s most dynamic and resilient economies in Africa, with a rapidly expanding private sector and strong potential across agribusiness, energy, manufacturing, and digital industries. Through this Membership Agreement, we look forward to collaborating closely with Nigerian institutions to strengthen value chains, expand regional market access, enhance trade finance and investment opportunities, and support the country’s development priorities.”
The signing of this Agreement underscores AATB’s continued engagement with African countries and its evolving portfolio of programs supporting trade and investment. In recent years, AATB has worked on initiatives across agribusiness, textiles, logistics, digital trade, export readiness under the AfCFTA framework, and other regional initiatives such as the Common African Agro-Parks (CAAPs) Programme.
With Nigeria’s accession, the AATB Program extends it’s presence in the region and adds a key partner working toward advancing trade-led development and fostering inclusive economic growth.
Economy
FEC approves 2026–2028 MTEF, projects N34.33trn revenue
Federal Executive Council (FEC) has approved the 2026–2028 Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), a key fiscal document that outlines Nigeria’s revenue expectations, macroeconomic assumptions, and spending priorities for the next three years. The approval followed Wednesday’s FEC meeting presided over by President Bola Tinubu at the State House, Abuja. The Minister of Budget and Economic Planning, Senator Atiku Bagudu made this known after the meeting.
The Minister said the Federal Government is projecting a total revenue inflow of N34.33 trillion in 2026, including N4.98 trillion expected from government-owned enterprises. Bagudu said that the projected revenue is N6.55 trillion lower than earlier estimates, adding that federal allocations are expected to drop by about N9.4 trillion, representing a 16% decline compared to the 2025 budget.
He said that statutory transfers are expected to amount to about N3 trillion within the same fiscal year. On macroeconomic assumptions, FEC adopted an oil production benchmark of 2.6 million barrels per day (mbpd) for 2026, although a more conservative 1.8 mbpd will be used for budgeting purposes. An oil price benchmark of $64 per barrel and an exchange rate of N1,512 per dollar were also approved.
Bagudu said the exchange rate assumption reflects projections tied to economic and political developments ahead of the 2027 general elections. He said the exchange rate assumption took into account the fiscal outlook ahead of the 2027 general elections.
The minister said that all the parameters were based on macroeconomic analysis by the Budget Office and other relevant agencies. Bagudu said FEC also reviewed comments from cabinet members before approving the Medium-Term Fiscal Expenditure Ceiling (MFTEC), which sets expenditure limits. Earlier, the Senate approved the external borrowing plan of $21.5 billion presented by President Tinubu for consideration The loans, according to the Senate, were part of the MTEF and Fiscal Strategy Paper (FSP) for the 2025 budget.
Economy
CBN hikes interest on treasury Bills above inflation rate
The spot rate on Nigerian Treasury bills has been increased by 146 basis points by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) following tight subscription levels at the main auction on Wednesday. The spot rate on Treasury bills with one-year maturity has now surpassed Nigeria’s 16.05% inflation by 145 basis points following a recent decision to keep the policy rate at 27%.
The Apex Bank came to the primary market with N700 billion Treasury bills offer size across standard tenors, including 91-day, 182-day and 364 day maturities. Details from the auction results showed that demand settled slightly above the total offers as investors began to seek higher returns on naira assets despite disinflation.
Total subscription came in at about N775 billion versus N700 billion offers floated at the main auction. The results showed rising appetite for duration as investors parked about 90% of their bids on Nigerian Treasury bills with 364 days maturity. The CBN opened N100 billion worth of 91 days bills for subscription, but the offer received underwhelming bids totalling N44.17 billion.
The CBN allotted N42.80 billion for the short-term instrument at the spot rate of 15.30%, the same as the previous auction. Total demand for 182 days Nigerian Treasury bills settled at N33.38 billion as against N150 billion that the authority pushed out for subscription. The CBN raised N30.36 billion from 182 days bills allotted to investors at the spot rate of 15.50%, the same as the previous auction.
Investors staked N697.29 billion on N450 billion in 364-day Treasury bills that was offered for subscription. The CBN raised N636.46 billion from the longest tenor at the spot rate of 17.50%, up from 16.04% at the previous auction.
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